APUSH TEST 2 STUDY GUIDE

APUSH Study Guide: Unit I, Part 2
1. The Great Awakening: the first mass spontaneous movement in American history; a revival of religious fervor in the colonies. Spread principally throughout the middle and southern colonies.
a. Causes: crisis within the ministry (to what degree should organizational purity be maintained); crisis between the clergy and the laity (minister’s salaries, degree of political control exercised by the Congregation); reaction against the elaborate theological doctrines, emotional stagnation, and liberal doctrines (like arminianism) of established churches; enthusiasts believed they were beneficiaries of a direct inspiration from God
I. Arminianism: directly challenged Calvinism’s predestination doctrine and was supported increasingly by liberal ministers; man is not helpless in achieving salvation, his will can be an effective force in being saved
b. New Lights: supported the Awakening for revitalizing American religion and used emotionalism and theatrics to move followers
c. Old Lights: orthodox and liberal clergymen deeply skeptical of emotionalism and theatrics of the revivalists; believed emotionalism threatened their usefulness and spiritual authority
d. Jonathan Edwards: (1703 – 1758) credited with starting the Great Awakening in 1734; most influential theological writer and thinker of the movement; blasted the idea of salvation through free will; dependence on God’s grace is paramount; emphasized eternal damnation; style was learned and reasoned, not emotional like other “new lights”
e. George Whitefield: (1714 – 1770) English orator who traveled throughout South, the Middle and New England colonies; basic appeal was to the Bible; most influential figure of the Great Awakening; founded Methodism in GA and SC; known for emotive, open-air mass revivals
f. Effects: split denominations increased competitiveness of American churches; brought religion to many who had lost touch with it; undermined the older clergy; encouraged a new wave of missionary work among Indians and slaves; founding of “new light” colleges (Dartmouth, Brown, Rutgers, Princeton); anti-intellectualistic roots begin; slight democratic components sprout new ideas (choice over religion, resistance to established authority)
2. Benjamin Franklin: “the first civilized American”; writings shaped American character
a. Poor Richard’s Almanac: (edited from 1732 – 1758) compendium of writings of many contemporary thinkers; emphasized thrift, industry, morality, and common sense, more widely read than any book except the Bible, even read in Europe
b. Science: perhaps the only first-rank scientist produced in the colonies; experiments with electricity, bifocal spectacles, Franklin stove, started first privately supported circulating library in America (~50 by 1776)
3. Colonies in the 18th Century: enormous population growth, more structured society
a. Population: exponential growth (1700 = >300,000; 1775 = 2.5 mil) due to high fertility (colonists doubled every 25 years); balance changing (1700 = 20 English to 1 Colonist; 1775 = 3 English to 1 Colonist); largest colonies were VA, MA, PA, NC, MD; four major cities were Philadelphia, NY, Boston, Charleston; 90% in rural areas (agrarian society)
b. Ethnicity: English and Welsh (66%) with English as dominant language, British institutions; African (20%) mostly concentrated in the South; Scots-Irish (6%) Presbyterian Scots Lowlanders displaced to Ireland, frustrated and poor, came to PA but ended up squatting of frontier, eventually moved into back country of MD, western VA and western Carolinas, fought Indians on frontier (excellent frontiersmen), no loyalty to the king, opposite of Scots Highlanders (small population, loyal to crown, relatively well off); German (5%) fled religious persecution, economic oppression, war, settled mostly in PA (1/3 of its population), primarily Lutheran, no loyalty to British crown, retained language and customs, known erroneously as Pennsylvania Dutch; Dutch (2%) concentrated in NY and NJ; Irish (2%); French (0.4%); other whites (0.3%) (Swedes, Jews, Swiss)
c. Clerics: most honored profession; wielded less influence than in early days of MA, but still occupied a position of high prestige
d. Lawyers: not favorably regarded; in a society of manual labor, parties had to present their own cases in court; commonly regarded as noisy windbags or troublemaking rogues
e. Economics: commerce and trade based on British mercantilism (empires ought a favorable balance of trade with rival empires, colonies existed solely to benefit the mother country, Navigation Acts passed to regulate empire)
I. New England: shipbuilders and fishermen; lumbering became important to support shipbuilding and other popular trades (fur trading, alcohol, carpentry)
II. Chesapeake: mostly tobacco farming, occasionally indigo
III. South: plantations growing rice, tobacco, etc; powered by slaves
f. Wealth: mostly in the hands of northern merchants and southern plantation owners / farmers
g. Religion in the Colonies: can be generalized by region
I. New England: Congregational Church (grew out of the Puritan Church); initially, all citizens, regardless of faith, supported the church through taxes, though later only members were taxed; emphasized Christ’s existence in each individual Congregation
II. PA, NJ, DE, RI: Quakers; protested New England slave trade and became important in the emerging 18th century abolition movement
III. Chesapeake and South: Anglican Church (Church of England) tax supported; official faith in VA, MD, NC, SC, GA, and part of NY; branch of royal authority; faith was less intense, more worldly than Puritanism; weakened by lack of bishop in US (American bishopric seen by non-Anglicans as a conspiracy to impose royal power); established College of William and Mary in VA to train ministers (1693)
h. Religious Zeal: not quite as much as in the earlier 18th century, but still had some of the fervor left over from the Great Awakening; God still used as part of logical appeal, but not at the basis of logic anymore
4. Zenger Trial: (1735) case paved the way towards freedom of expression; John Peter Zenger’s newspaper had criticized the corrupt royal governor  charged with seditious libel and brought to trial  argued that he had printed the truth; royal chief justice ruled printing was enough to convict, regardless of truth  jury ruled in favor of Zenger  newspaper editors received some freedom (not as much as post-1776)
5. Samuel de Champlain: explorer who traveled the St. Lawrence River and claimed the land for France; formed a friendly relationship with the Huron Indians and helped them attack their enemies, the Iroquois; known as the “Father of New France”
6. Coureurs de bois: French fur-trappers that ranged over the woods and waterways of North America in pursuit of beaver; name means “runners of the woods”; named many places
7. Indian Relations with the French: good relationship with local Indians, poor relationship with other Indians.
a. Huron: entered into a friendship with the French through the efforts of Samuel de Champlain (gift giving was essential, because that’s what inter-tribal relations were based on)
b. Iroquois: fought with the French, who allied with the Huron against them; in retaliation, they later kept the French from expanding into the Ohio Valley, ravaged French settlements, and allied with the British
8. French Territories: France actually claimed some important territories in North America, but lost many of them as a result of the French and Indian War
a. Louisiana: French possession of Louisiana allowed them to block Spanish expansion into the Gulf of Mexico; it also allowed them control of the mouth of the Mississippi River, which was not only important in military strategy but interior trade as well; offered access to the fertile lands of Illinois, where wheat was cultivated
b. Ohio River Valley: the linking area between the French colonies in Canada and their holdings in Mississippi; essential if France hoped to establish a formidable presence in North America
9. French and Indian War / Seven Years War: extension of European fighting and rivalries in America; creates resentment towards Britain (colonists don’t like being dragged in)
a. Causes: English-French rivalry, land disputes in the Ohio Valley, British want to close in on French fur trade and the two openings into North America, England and colonies fight together to defend their empire
b. Battle of Quebec: William Pitt appointed General James Wolfe to take Quebec; British successful on the Plains of Abraham but Wolfe and French commander Montcalm were killed; British took the city; last time the French flew their flag in Canada
c. Treaty of Paris: (1763) Basically, France was thrown out of America; France lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River; Spain got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England; England got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India
d. Effects: generally cause a drift between Americans and the British
I. On Britain: increased her colonial empire in Britain, greatly enlarged England’s debt, contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings  England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary
II. On America: united them against a common enemy for the first time, created a socializing experience for all colonials who participated, created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify
10. Proclamation of 1763: in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion, King George III created royal colonists in all newly acquired lands in the Treaty of Paris; prohibited colonials to move west of the Appalachians; line drawn from Canada to Florida meant to be temporary; the British aimed to settle disputes with the Indians fairly to prevent more rebellions and organize settlement and defense eventually; colonials infuriated (thought the line was permanent); colonists generally ignored the proclamation
• Pontiac’s Rebellion: Ottawa Chief Pontiac refused to surrender lands to British even though France (their ally) was gone; led uprising against whites in Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region in 1763; British retaliated with smallpox blankets, ending dispute in October 1763
11. Albany Congress: (1754) Great Britain’s Board of Trade called an intercolonial congress to Albany New York to discuss Indian problem and meet with Iroquois; only seven colonies showed up; the immediate purpose was to keep the Iroquois on their side, and the long-term purpose was to promote colonial unity; drew up the Albany Plan of Union, which ultimately failed and the Iroquois refused to commit to Britain (threatened to trade with France)
• Albany Plan of Union: Benjamin Franklin created a plan for colonial home rule; dealt with defense and Indian affairs; adopted by delegates; individual colonies rejected it because it did not offer enough independence; British rejected it because it offered too much independence; Franklin’s “Join or Die” cartoon
12. Navigation Acts – a series of laws meant to enforce English mercantilist policies on the colonies; mainly controlling trade to get England more money
• Navigation Act of 1651 – no foreign shipping to/from colonies; all goods must be imported to England or arrive on English ships with English crews; European goods must come direct from origin
• Navigation Act of 1660 – crew must be ¾ English; certain “enumerated” goods (tobacco, cotton, indigo…) can only be shipped to England or colonies
• Navigation Act of 1663 (Staple Act) – English funnel for all colonial imports
• Navigation Act of 1673 (Plantation Duty Act) – captain must give bond to land the enumerated articles in England
• Enforcement was spotty at best
13. Molasses Act: (1733) imposed heavy duties on all molasses, rum, and sugar imported from French Caribbean; colonists traded heavily with French West Indies; some rum produced in America was traded for slaves (New England was heavily involved in slave trade)
14. American Revolution: Mnemonic for remembering the line of events: Pretty Silly Tammy Baked Tea Cookies Inside Freshly Layered Spicy Dough (Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act 1765, Townshend Acts 1767, Boston Massacre 1770, Tea Act 1773, Committees of Correspondence, Intolerable Acts 1774, First Continental Congress, Lexington and Concord, Second Continental Congress, Declaration of Independence)
a. Long-term Causes: coming to America in the first place had a sense of rebellion; republicanism (just society based on common good) had taken root; Whigs would fight for their rights; 3,000 miles of ocean between colonies and mother country; colonists felt physically and spiritually separated from Europe; without influence from superiors, colonists felt fundamentally different from the British; development of national American development; melting pot of races; colonial grievances (Navigation Acts, restrictions on trade by British, resentment at being dragged into British wars, currency issues, colonial laws could be voided by Privy Council)
b. Short-term Causes: mostly dealing with taxes and a few outbursts and skirmishes
I. Virtual representation: all British subjects (including colonists) were represented in Parliament, even if they did not vote for members in Parliament; colonists didn’t buy it, wanted direct representation instead
II. Sugar Act: (1764) also known as the Revenue Act of 1764; established by Grenville because the Molasses Act became a serious threat to New England (not initiated to produce revenue, rather to prevent illegal trade); cut tax amount in half, but put new duties on textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, sugar in order to pay for defense expenses; first time taxes were specifically aimed at generating revenue in the colonies; failed to produce additional revenue – administrative costs were four times greater than the revenue it generated
III. Stamp Act: (1764) purposely implemented by Parliament to generate revenue; mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax; required for about fifty trade items, as well as commercial and legal documents, playing cards, marriage licenses, etc; colonists felt it was taking away their local liberties; “No taxation without representation!”; protests – nonimportation agreements amongst colonists (don’t buy from Britain)
IV. Quartering Act: (1764) required colonists to supply British troops with provisions and quarters; applied mainly to New York, which was British force headquarters; meant to increase British presence in other colonies  occupation = tightening control over the colonies; colonists angry – further resentment, revival of feelings over Sugar Act
V. Declaratory Act: (1766) asserted the full power of Parliament to make laws binding the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”; Britain has total sovereignty over the colonies; drew the definite line between the powers that Britain would yield to the colonies, and the powers it wouldn’t; colonists angered; made it clear that they would take drastic measures to assure some part of sovereignty for themselves
• Stamp Act repealed: due to Colonial uproar; meant to appease the colonies; under Charles Watson-Wentworth (an “Old Whig” – a Briton who sympathized with the colonies); colonies celebrated prematurely, as Parliament would quickly take away their accomplishment
VI. Townshend Duties / Acts: (1767) established duties on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea; new minister Charles Townshend – reopened the question of colonial taxation, and asserted that external taxes were tolerable to the colonies; wanted to force obedience on the colonies; made indirect customs duties that were payable at American ports; revenue was used to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges in the colonies; mostly attacking New York; Parliament suspended all acts of its colonial assembly until it would yield; Board of Customs Commissioners was set up at Boston (colonial smuggling headquarters); admiralty courts were reorganized; increased revenue, but collection costs increased; more severe threat to colonial assemblies than Grenville’s taxes;

VII. Boston Massacre: (1770) (peaceful) arrival of British troops in Boston aroused American resistance (colonists fearful of standing armies – believed Britain sought to suppress colonial liberties); British soldiers (having been provoked) fired on a crowd; eleven civilians killed or wounded; Crispus Attucks (mulatto merchant seaman) was “the first to die in the revolution” and was also allegedly a leader of the unruly mob; colonial propaganda grossly exaggerated the event

VIII. Committees of Correspondence: chief function was to spread propaganda and information by interchanging letters in order to keep opposition to British policy alive; particularly passed around letters from Governor Hutchinson showing that Britain was acting on his advice and wishes; spread across colonies; groups evolved directly into intercolonial congresses; first organized by Samuel Adams in MA
IX. Gaspee Affair: (1771) British warship “Gaspee” went around RI looking for smugglers – had a reputation of unruly conduct (stealing cattle, cutting down private trees for firewood); Sons of Liberty members, dressed as Indians, took crew off and burned the ship; “Gaspee Commission” created to seek retribution, but guilty party could not be found
X. Tea Act: (1773) British government granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea trade; BEIC on the verge of bankruptcy – would have cost the British government huge revenues; price of tea would be lower than existing one, even with tax; Americans reacted angrily – saw Tea Act as an attempt to trick colonies into accepting the tax through cheaper tea
XI. Boston Tea Party: (1773) Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, boarded three ships, smashed 342 chests open, and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor
XII. Intolerable Acts: (1774) also known as Coercive Acts or Repressive Acts; designed by Lord North to discipline Boston
• Boston Port Act – closed the harbor until tea was paid for
• Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice – let governor transfer trial of any convicted British official to Britain / British courts
• New Quartering Act – directed local authorities to provide lodging for British officials
• Massachusetts Government Act – made the colony’s council and law-enforcement officers all appointive rather than elective
• Colonists’ chartered rights were swept away  summoning of a Continental Congress
XIII. Quebec Act: (1774) defined the administration of 60,000 French subjects in Canada conquered by the British; government in Canada would not have a representative assembly; led by an appointed governor and council; Catholic church given privileges since they lived on the other side of the Appalachians; boundaries of Quebec extended south all the way to the Ohio River; this alarmed land speculators who would have bought the land themselves
c. Loyalists: also known as Tories; about 20% of the American people; colonists who fought for return to colonial rule; loyal to the king; conservative – educated, wealthy, and fearful of “mob rule”; mostly older generation; king’s officers and other beneficiaries of the crown; Anglican clergy and large portion of followers; influential in NY, PA, NJ, Charleston; could not gain support of neutral colonists
d. Patriots: sometimes called Whigs (after British opposition party); American rebels who fought both British soldiers and Loyalists; most numerous in New England; constituted a minority movement; more adept at gaining support from colonials; Robert Morris (“the financier of the Revolution”) helped Congress finance the war
e. Colonial Political Beliefs: most Americans were proud to be British; shifted after the British hired the Hessians, burned Norfolk and Falmouth, and promised freedom to slaves who fought for the British; ideas of self rule through democracy became popular as the legitimacy of the king’s rule over the colonies came into question
f. First Continental Congress: (1774) first calls heard from Thomas Jefferson in Virginia’s Committee of Correspondence; met in Philadelphia; 55 representatives from all colonies but Georgia; Peyton Randolph (Virginia) = President; Charles Thompson (Philadelphia) = Secretary; efforts to gain economic self-sufficiency brought diverse colonies together (“ropes of resistance”)
o Suffolk Resolves – declared Intolerable Acts void, urged Massachusetts to arm for defense, called for economic sanctions on British commerce
• Declaration of American Rights – conceded only Parliament’s right to regulate commerce, denied Parliamentary authority
• Constitutional Association of 1774 – recommended that every county, town, and city form committees to enforce boycott of all British goods  revolutionary networks
o King and Parliament decided force was the only option
• Conciliatory Resolution – Parliament would refrains from using any measures but taxes to regulate trade and would grant to each colony the duties collected within its boundaries, provided that the colonies would contribute voluntarily to a quota for defense
g. Lexington and Concord: (1775) “The Shot Heard Round the World”; Parliament ordered General Gage, new governor of MA, to arrest leaders of the rebellion and prepare for military action; Gage sought to prevent bloodshed by disarming the local militia; 700 redcoats sent secretly to nearby Lexington and Concord to seize gunpowder and arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock; Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the militia (Minutemen); battle began when Minutemen refused to disperse on Lexington Green and shots were fired; British forced to retreat in both spots
h. Second Continental Congress: (1775) Named George Washington commander in chief of a continental army – chosen on experience (French and Indian War), heritage (Virginia was wealthiest and most populous colony), and he looked like a leader (Giant General – much taller than his troops); decided to go to war
i. Declaration of Independence: (1776) Continental Congress appointed five men to develop a rationale for independence – Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman; Jefferson intended his words to serve as “an expression of the American mind, and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion”; two sources – Virginia’s Constitution (Jefferson) and Virginia’s Declaration of Rights (George Mason); Congress made 86 corrections – included references to God, removed portion that rejected slavery; based on John Locke’s unalienable rights and right to revolt against those that breached the rights
j. Advantages of the British: 7.5 million people versus America’s 2 million; superior naval power; great wealth; 30,000 Hessians hired by George III; professional army of about 50,000 men, plus about 50,000 American loyalists and many Native Americans
k. Disadvantages of the British: still had Ireland (required troops); France waiting to stab Britain in the back; no William Pitt – withdrew from army; many had no desire to kill their cousins; English Whigs supported Americans at first; generals were second-rate, men brutally treated; provisions often scarce; 3,000 miles from home; America was expansive – no single capital to capture and cripple the country with
l. Advantages of the Americans: great leaders (George Washington and Benjamin Franklin); had French aid; Marquis de Lafayette (major general and great asset to colonial army); fighting in a defensive manner, were self-sustaining; better marksmen; moral advantage in fighting for a just cause
m. Disadvantages of the Americans: lacking in unity; jealousy (colonies resented the Continental Congress’ attempt at exercising power); sectional jealousy over the appointment of military leaders; had little money; no navy
n. Battle of Trenton: (December 1776) Washington crossed the Delaware River, then surprised and captured 1000 Hessians; huge morale boost
o. Battle of Saratoga: (October 1777) most important battle of the American Revolution; British sought to capture NY and sever New England from the U.S.; Benedict Arnold saved New England by slowing down British invasion of New York; British General Burgoyne surrendered entire command to American General Horatio Gates; revived faltering colonial cause and made possible French aid, ultimately ensuring American independence
p. Valley Forge: (winter of 1777-78) George Washington retired there with his troops for the winter; food and clothing, among other supplies, were particularly scarce; army was whipped into shape by German drillmaster Baron von Steuben; showed American resolved despite horrible conditions
q. Yorktown: (1781) last major battle of the war; French Admiral de Grasse blockaded Chesapeake Bay – British ships unable to enter; Washington made 300+ mile march to Chesapeake Bay from NY; accompanied by Rochambeau’s French army, Washington attacked British by land while de Grasse blockaded them at sea; British General Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of 7000 men; fighting continued for a year afterward (just small skirmishes)
r. African Americans in the Revolution: fought on both sides; 5,000 in the continental army; nearly 30,000 in British army (in return for promises of freedom)
s. Privateers: privately owned ships authorized by Congress to attack enemy ships; 600 British merchant ships captured; brought in gold and much needed supplies, harassed the British, and increased American morale by providing American victories
t. Franco-American Alliance: (1781) prompted by the American victory at Saratoga
o The Treaty of Amity and Commerce – France recognized the United States and offered trade concessions
o The Treaty of Alliance – three major parts:
• If France entered the war, both countries would fight until American independence was won
• Neither would conclude true peace without formal consent of the other first
• Guaranteed France’s possessions in America
o Spain was an ally of France at this time, but not America – wanted to take back territories
u. Olive Branch Petition: last ditch effort by moderates in Continental Congress to prevent an all-out war; pledged loyalty to the crown, sought to restore peace; appealed to George III to convince Parliament to reconsider the “Intolerable Acts”; king refused and war raged on
v. Common Sense: (1776) pamphlet by Thomas Paine that directly attacked allegiance to the monarchy; King George III bore responsibility, not Parliament; Americans should not be hesitant about declaring independence; used plain language that spoke to the American people; first document to openly ask for independence from Britain; pamphlet was immensely popular (most widely circulated in American history, given the population)
w. Treaty of Paris: (1783) Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay sent to Paris to negotiate; British recognize independence of the United States; given land to the West to the Mississippi and North to the Great Lakes; both shared Newfoundland waters; Loyalist property would be restored; debts owed to Britain would be handled with no obstacles by America; generous terms used to prevent America from ganging up on Britain with France
x. Effects: only the Americans gained from the war; the British were left battered and beaten; the French had revenge on the British, but they incurred large debts and eventually were inspired to have their own revolution; America got the freedom it wanted and now had to go about setting up a government